Semiotics

An image is one of many captured moments in time, the way the image is taken can be in many different angles, settings, lighting, etc but everyone can interpret the image in a different way. The image doesn’t necessarily have only one meaning

This term might sound new to most of us, but it is something all of us practice every day. Nevertheless it is still a difficult term to explain to people whom have never heard of it before.

Definition (short) according to Daniel Chandler: The study of signs

Definition according to Wikipedia: Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis), or signification and communication, signs and symbols, both individually and grouped into sign systems. It includes the study of how meaning is constructed and understood


Gaze/Let’s contemplate..

Briefly describe the medium used, the genre to which the ‘text’ belongs and the context in which it was found
The medium used is a digital camera (photography) and the picture was taken in 2008 at ‘Carmen van het Noorden’ film production kick-off as part of a series of candid snapshots at this event.

Why did you choose this ‘text’?
I chose this ‘text’ because it makes you wonder what is going through their mind/what they are looking at.

How does the ‘text’ relate to your own values?
I believe that no matter the differences in peoples backgrounds shouldn’t be a threshold in their common activities. The film ‘Carmen van het Noorden’, in which a lot of youngsters from mostly Rotterdam took part in creating, is clearly an evidence of this thinking. This photograph shows me (left) with 4 other people all with different backgrounds (age, gender, race, interests, etc.) but still we are sitting next to each other looking at the same thing all unconscious of our resemblance (our focus and posture) of one other. I also like to involve myself in all sorts of group related activities, whether these are activities which demand active ‘doing’ or ‘thinking’. This picture shows me taking part in an activity.

What are the important signifiers and what do they signify?
The important signifiers are created by the body language of the 5 people sitting. In this case, especially the gestures made with their hands and the look in their eyes. They signify ‘witnessing something interesting’ or ‘thought’.

Does it allude to being fact or fiction?
Both, it could have been that we were posing in front of the camera, which it wasn’t (fiction). But it can also directly be seen as a candid picture, taken without our notice (fact).

How might a change of medium affect the meanings generated?
If the medium for instance was to be a painting, I think it will give it a whole different meaning. Paintings are usually a reflection of the mind state in which the artist is at a certain moment. Also, paintings can be imaginary and are not always snapshots. In contradiction to that, pictures are. Therefore you might wonder even more about what the characters might be looking at.

How might a change of shot size affect the meanings generated?
A close up in ones face might give the picture a whole different meaning, because then you might not even know that the person was sitting or actively looking at anything. It is possible that you might think that the person was staring at the sky and thinking/visioning something. Because you can now see the surroundings and the full body language of all 5 people involved it’s clearer for the viewer to see that there is something else going on, plus more people are interested in it.

How does one signifier relate to the others used (do some carry more weight than others)?
In relation to each other they are somehow all sitting in the position. Either with the fingers entwined or hand with the hand supporting the chin. Therefore I do not find that one distinguishes him or herself with more ‘weight’ of significance. In relation to one another they look fairly equal.

How does the sequential or spatial arrangement of the elements influence meaning?
The ‘elements’ in this case are the 5 people sitting influence the meaning of this picture with their body language. They are all doing ‘exact’ the same. You might wonder ‘Why? What makes all of them do this?’ - Could when choosing ‘video’ as a media – this arrangement be emphasized – for instance moving form one person/face to the next…? In that case I think it will emphasize the ‘story’ behind the composition. A moving shot will give more reality to what is happening. But to keep the viewer wondering about the story behind this photograph, it is better to keep it as a snapshot. A video is more relieving due to changing body languages in it.

How direct is the mode of address and what is the significance of this? (e.g. camera angle)
The camera angle is straight forward. This gives the viewer a full portrait of the characters in the picture. In case of a close up or shot from a different angle, the viewer might see it different/not see the whole picture and might interpret the picture different. Depending on what he or she might be seeing.

What insights has a semiotic analysis of this ‘text’ offered?
The insight I have gained from this semiotic analysis is that in photography you need ‘signs’ in visual terms in order to interpret or decode and so to be able to analyze it in terms of semiotics. This photograph is merely a snapshot of time and has no specific meaning unlike certain paintings or symbols have. It can convey different meanings for different people in terms of photography but no actual message of signification.

How important is choice of media form in communicating a certain message/meaning?
The choice of media is very important. Wrong media choice could resolve in misinterpretation or even not ‘reach’ the target group. Also the capturing by different type of media gives can give different meaning to things. Therefore you have to have reasonably enough knowledge of your target group so that the communication will be effective.


“Things have no intrinsic meaning and become signs only when we invest them with meaning.”

Digital sketchbook

The "sketches" below visualize my view of the minor Visual Communication & Knowledge Building. I tried to embed different aspects of VS as well as my understanding of VKB, such as the social web, eLearning, objects, portraits, etcetera..

*View for yourself

My vision on VKB

Like many others, I also have a tough time defining this concept in my own words.

The term visual knowledge building is a combination of two definitions which are visual knowledge building and visual communication.

At first you might therefore think that visual knowledge building could easily be defined as the ability to develop knowledge through visual aids. However, during this minor I have learned that this is not the only way of building knowledge. The mixture of both terms results in a creative approach of knowledge building. It is definitely safe to say that visual aids are often supported by text which enhances and/or helps to build knowledge.

This means that visual (communication &) knowledge building is a form of blended learning in which different aspects combined together optimize our capability to learn in a more efficient manner.

In contradiction of what you might expect of a ‘digital immigrant’, I do not think of myself as being a very visual person. Although we are surrounded be thousands of visual communication each day, I prefer to see myself as a more textual person. The reason for me not being as visual as a lot of other people nowadays is that I think that ‘good’ communication lies in speech and literature. Although visuals are effective and efficient in use, misinterpretation due to lack of explanation is something that happens often. When (modern) visuals are combined with text or words it has even better results, the same conclusion can be applied to traditional and modern techniques such as computers in combination with literature.

I support blended learning, because I see it as the best way to learn. The combination of traditional means as well as modern methods makes our learning process faster and easier. Visual knowledge building is not only a good way of learning for digital natives (myself), but for instance also digital immigrants (my mother) experience the benefits of blended learning.

The traditional way of learning is not a bad thing; just take a look all that has been established in the past. But at the same time you might also see that “building” knowledge of certain things used to be a slower process. For example, learning a foreign language 20 years ago used to be very different. Now you do not have to go to class or learn from books only, but instead you can follow e-classes from your own house. You can learn the same thing faster, due to traditional learning methods in combination with modern technology such as the internet with all its benefits.

Although modern technology in combination with human urge to discover new things has always been the reason for innovation (which is a huge factor for visual knowledge building), I do not know how visual knowledge building will manifest itself further in the coming years. It is not for me to foresee the future. But I do think that, seen developments and innovations in the past, that there will be more forms of blended learning available, having said that I haven’t got a clue what/when/how. An example of human innovations/futuristic inventions is the electronic newspapers, which are supposed to change the way we know newspapers now. This form of modern technology (personally I do not believe this will replace the current form of the newspaper as we know now anytime soon) is currently still in the developing-phase. It is supposed to a more efficient way of reading our daily newspaper, on which we can not only read the newspaper but also can participate in an interactive way and use for other purposes, such as surf the web, GPS, etcetera.

Participating (web 2.0) in social communities has almost become a human necessity these days. Almost everyone, who knows how to work with a computer, is somehow linked to a community on the web. Whether this community is based on learning, gaming, socializing, special interest, work or any other kind, most people are active on the web. I do think that in the future we will be more subordinated to functions of the World Wide Web. Having said this (people ‘connecting’ in all sorts of ways), the term Connectivism is also a very relevant learning theory during this minor.

This is a learning theory of the digital age developed by George Siemens and based on the limitations of the three broad conventional learning theories; Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism. These three theories were developed in a time when learning was not impacted through technology. Over the last twenty years, technology has shown how people live, communicate and learn. Effective learning techniques should be reflective of underlying social environments. Learning should be a way of an ongoing set of attitudes and actions by individuals and groups to keep abreast of new events. It should overlap social environments in order to bring across information in a known context (grey text from Jessica de Korte’s vision on VKB). According to George Siemens learning is not about knowing things, but more so it is about knowing how to discover and make the right connections with your mind between bits of information and doing so ‘creating’ new information. Because I agree with the definition of Connectivism and I find it being such a common process that everybody does, it is very possible that this theory, due to its modern approach, will (in the coming years) grow to be a theory which will be applicable to a lot of things.

In conclusion, I think that Visual (Communication &) Knowledge Building is a growing form of our modern age learning. We have already found different techniques which able us to learn ‘faster’ than before. Technology enhancements such as digital encyclopedia and search engines for instance have giving us the opportunity to learn (or find) things ‘faster’, due to saving time. Also blended learning such as e-learning wherefore we do not have to ‘travel’ to certain locations save us a lot of energy and time. We can now use the time and energy saved to ‘learn’. Modern technology also gives us the opportunity to communicate (mobile communication and internet) faster that ever before.

In the future maybe schools will implement this form of learning more into their systems. Whatever the outcome may be, VKB will manifest itself more into our learning.



- We are constantly building knowledge and now the time has come in which we are able to learn anything at anytime.

Posing

During this class all the students had to select a picture. Following to that we had to take 2 pictures. One while holding this photo and a second picture while trying to pose like what we saw on th photo. Picture "L" you can see me trying to enbody the photo that I chose (a doing heavy fisical labour, by carrying heavy jars of water on the beach). While studying this picture it was clear to see that the person on the picture does this work often, seen by his muscular body and the way he's doing what he does. My pose is not similar to his, but by holding my hands in that position I am trying to show the viewer that the photo has something to do with heavy fisical labour (as if I am trying to hold something heavy). The following class we did a assignment about this, in which we studied the second picture series that we took and tried to match them with the correct photographs. (Trust me, it wasn't always as easy as it seems, when people are trying to pose like "trees" or "buildings").

Instruction video

The assigntment was:
Make an instruction movie about a very special subject which is very common for you but not for others. The movie will give instruction to people who are initerested in this topic.

I think this instruction movie explains itself. No need for further explenation. I tried to make a simple instruction video which did not need an instructing voice(over) as well as moving film. This video consists out of pictures I took.

*Pardon my my editing skills.

In case of any problems during practise, contact me.

Below you can find a link to an instruction video that I found on YouTube. The video is totally different compared to the one I made. But despite the lack of real life video and instructions given I think they are both very informative, seen the different dimension of subject. The guy in the video breaks the dance down into easy-to-follow steps. At the end he does the complete dance.

Youtube: Instructional video "How to do the scuba hop" (click to view)

Photo sequence

I created a photo sequence in which an apple plays the lead role.

17 pictures.

1 apple.

Click here to download my photo sequence: "Moulding" an apple

Digital natives and Digital immigrants

These terms do not have so much to do with where people are from, but more about the periode they come from.

Today's generation, also known as digital natives, are a part of a speedy traditional anymore due to the fact that almost everything has become digital. Said that, the new generation continues to grow up with the digital technology such as computers, internet, mobile phones. mp3's, dvd's and many more..



As you can see in the picture above, a digital immigrant is elderly individual who grew up without digital technology and adopted it later. A digital native, is a younger person who basicly grew up with technology. Usually they are faster adapters to technological changes.

Photo essay

A photo essasy is a set or series of photographs that are intended to tell a story or evoke a series of emotions in the viewer. Photo essays range from purely photographic works to photographs with captions or small notes to full text essays with a few or many accompanying photographs. Photo essays can be sequential in nature, intended to be viewed in a particular order, or they may consist of non-ordered photographs which may be viewed all at once or in an order chosen by the viewer. All photo essays are collections of photographs, but not all collections of photographs are photo essays. Photo essays often adress a certain issue or attempt to capture the character of places and events. - according to Wikpedia

Click here to download my photo essay about living in the digital age


This photo essay that I made contains pictures which I took with my mobil phone. The pictures are "random" objects which we use daily.

Social web (web 2.0)

Web 2.0

The term " Web 2.0" is commony associated with web applications which facilitate interactive informating sharing, interopability, user-centered design and collaboration via the internet.

A Web 2.0 site allows its users to interact with other users or to change website content, in contrast to non-interactive websites where users are limited to the passive viewing of information that is provided to them.

The term is closely associated with Tim O'Reilly because of the O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference back in 2004. Although the term suggests a new version of the internet (world wide web), it does not refer to an update to any technical specifications, but rather to cumulative changes in the ways software developers and end-users use the internet. Whether Web 2.0 is qualitatively different from prior web technologies has been challenged by the world wide web inventor Tim Berners-Lee who called the term a "piece of jargon' precisely because he intended the internet to embody these values in the first place.

CNN iReport

While in search of a project or topic in which the social web (web 2.0) plays an important role, I was watching CNN (after the riots in Iran) when suddenly an item about this came up on CNN iReport, filmed and posted by a Iranian citizen who witnessed the happenings.


* Click here to launch the CNN iReport website

iReport is CNN's public journalism initiative that allows people from around the whole world to contribute pictures and video of breaking news stories from their own towns and neighborhood. It is similar to Wikinews in that it allows, and encourages, regular citizenns to submit stories, photos and videos from anywhere where there is "breaking" news. The program was launched on August 2, 2006. CNN's iReport gives everybody the chance to take part in this community as prosumer, instead of just being a consumer.

Personally I think this is a very good initiative by giving everybody the chance to let "their" stories to be heard. Also to use of different iReport media platforms is a form of blended communication.

Profile picture

This is a profile picture of my friend Jose. He has this picture on his Facebook.

A. Short conclusion
I really like this portrait because it’s just simple, but at the same time very expressive. He used simple, but yet straight lines. Also the colouring (gentle colours) which is not completely contained done within the lines adds an extra dimension to this portrait. For the upper part, especially the eyes, he used a black to intensify the look in his eyes. All together it gives the viewer an almost quizzical and cold impression.

B. What does a profile site mean to me?
I consider profile sites to be a useful tool nowadays. It’s a good way to find (or even make) friends via the internet. Profile (pictures) sites can also be very misleading, due to the fact that is not possible to verify the real person behind the site.

Self-portraits

Homework training VC/VKB:

Creating a virtual gallery(powerpoint) of interesting and impressive self-portraits.

My gallery (click to dowload):

*The following posts will also contain assignments which I did during this course.

Connectivism

Video: George Siemens discusses Connectivism and Connective Knowledge (link below):

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5-Wk2cwb68

Connectivism is also an important learning theory during this minor. The theory was developed by George Siemens (video above). Learning is not about knowing things, but more about knowing how to discover and mak the right connections with your mind between bits of information and by doing so 'creating' new information.

Nowadays, people have access to everything at anytime. For instance, information be found anywhere, therefore it is not necessary to have all the knowledge in your brain.

Principles of connectivism (George Siemens handbook):

• learning and knowledge rests in diversity of opinions
• learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes of information sources
• learning may reside in non-human appliances
• capacity to know more is more critical than what is currently known
• nurturing and maintaining connections is needed to facilitate continual learning
• ability to see connections between fields, ideas and concepts is a core skill
• currency (accurate, up-to-date knowledge) is the intent of all connectivist learning activities
• decision-making is itself a learning process. Choosinig what to learn and the meaning of incoming information is seen through the lens of a shiftinig reality. While there is a right answer now, it may be wrong tomorrow due to alterations in the information climate affecting the decision

ePadagogy and its way to Constructivism

History of ePadagogy

Father of modern education- Jan Amos Komenský: Wikepedia

“If, in each hour, a man could learn a single fragment of some branch of knowledge, a single rule of some mechanical art, a single pleasing story or proverb (the acquisition of which would require no effort), what a vast stock of learning he might lay by. Seneca is therefore right when he says: “Life is long, if we know how to use it.” It is consequently of importance that we understand the art of making the very best use of our lives.”

John Amos Comenius (Czech: Jan Amos Komenský) (March 28, 1592 – November 15, 1670) was a Czech teacher, scientist, educator, and writer. He was one of the earliest champions of universal education, a concept eventually set forth in his book Didactica Magna. Comenius became known as the teacher of nations. He is often considered the father of modern education. Modern education is basically known as today’s term public education. Public education is offered for children of the general public and supported by the government.

Comenius was very much involved into children education.

“Not the children of the rich or of the powerful only, but of all alike, boys and girls, both noble and ignoble, rich and poor, in all cities and towns, villages and hamlets, should be sent to school.”

He was actually the first one to publish a children encyclopedia with pictures in it which is called Orbis Pictus The World Illustrated. As a result the current form of education where students are tutored with a combination of words and pictures started.

Comenius most important work was finished in 1632 and is usually called in English, The Great Ditactic. It explains how people learn and how they should be taught through the university.

“The proper education of the young does not consist in stuffing their heads with a mass of words, sentences, and ideas dragged together out of various authors, but in opening up their understanding to the outer world, so that a living stream may flow from their own minds, just as leaves, flowers, and fruit spring from the bud on a tree.” http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/comenius.html

Innovative potential of Comenius’ educational Principles

1. To teach the same things in a different manner (using all senses) From action to simple representation and thence to reflection

2. Idea of spontaneous development instead of suggested by adult authority

3. Activity when the pupil rediscovers or reconstructs truth by means of external, or internal mental, action consisting in experiment or independent reasoning

Comenius ideas are still UP TO DATE!!

“UNESCO and the heritage of Comenius”by Mr Federico Mayor,Director-General of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco)

“Today more than ever we need the imaginative and visionary capacity of a Comenius. Of course, it is scarcely possible from our present vantage point – which has seen among other things the virtual eclipse of totalitarian ideology in Europe – to found a Utopia on a metaphysician’s dream of total knowledge anymore than it is to base it on the certainties of the technocrat. Today’s Utopia or Utopias must reflect a world we know to be one of variety and indeterminacy; it must reflect a society of movement and change – one too often unaware of the intolerable conditions in which a large part of humanity lives and one where a personal commitment to redress such social asymmetries is too often lacking (particularly among the most affluent); it must reflect the instability inherent in creative free will that daily reshapes our perceptions and modifies our convictions. This, and not the controlled dialectics of the philosopher, is the reality with which we must attune ourselves intellectually, morally and aesthetically if we are to reconcile ourselves with the Foundations of our own being in nature and the universe. Yet the spirit of Comenius, his uncompromising idealism, are more than ever necessary in the complex world in which we live in order to further the principles of justice, democracy, tolerance, understanding and peace so essential to human survival and development.”




Constructivism

Constructivism is learning theory and explains that human beings construct their knowledge based on experiences.

Jean Piaget was the first one to disagree on the common idea that a children’s play is aimless. He believed that the play is important for a students later educational development.

Constructivism can be seen as building blocks of knowledge and everytime one gains more knowledge, it adds to the already excisting knowledge blocks. this is an ongoing process which lasts a whole lifetime as one never stops learning.

Constructivism theory according to Wikipedia

Formalization of the theory of constructivism is generally attributed to Jean Piaget, who articulated mechanisms by which knowledge is internalized by learners. He suggested that through processes of accommodation and assimilation, individuals construct new knowledge from their experiences.

When individuals assimilate, they incorporate the new experience into an already existing framework without changing that framework. This may occur when individuals’ experiences are aligned with their internal representations of the world, but may also occur as a failure to change a faulty understanding; for example, they may not notice events, may misunderstand input from others, or may decide that an event is a fluke and is therefore unimportant as information about the world.

In contrast, when individuals’ experiences contradict their internal representations, they may change their perceptions of the experiences to fit their internal representations. According to the theory, accommodation is the process of reframing one’s mental representation of the external world to fit new experiences. Accommodation can be understood as the mechanism by which failure leads to learning: when we act on the expectation that the world operates in one way and it violates our expectations, we often fail, but by accommodating this new experience and reframing our model of the way the world works, we learn from the experience of failure, or others’ failure.

Does the theory of Jean Piaget mean that nobody’s knowledge is perfectly correct or objective because we might assimilate wrong information all the time or accommodate our knowledge into the wrong direction?

It is important to note that constructivism is not a particular pedagogy. In fact, constructivism is a theory describing how learning happens, regardless of whether learners are using their experiences to understand a lecture or following the instructions for building a model airplane. In both cases, the theory of constructivism suggests that learners construct knowledge out of their experiences. However, Constructivism is often associated with pedagogic approaches that promote active learning, or learning by doing.

Unfortunately this is not a common teaching method at the majority of High Schools and Universities since teachers still have the perception of talking = teaching. Therefore a lot of graduates wait for someone who tells them what to do.

VKB and the theory of constructivism intertwine perfectly. Visual Knowledge Building is based on the theory to combine the traditional learning with multimedia elements to achieve a proactive learning environment which is does not just rest on plain text and words but also on visual, audio and sensible elements. Considering that the student does not simply deal with spoken text but also has to use visual elements his or her educational horizon is widened. Besides through the multimedia approach of teaching an instructor is not always necessary and can be replaced by the students own activism to construct knowledge. In the end the provision of blended learning and the will to adapt the constructivism method is a good basis for an educational development.

Another learning theory is called Connectivism and finds some similarities to Constructivism. I will explain this in the next post.

Visual literacy

Everything in this course starts with visual literacy. I fact wihtout visual literacy, we would not have the ability to build knowledge visually.

Which means that visual literacy is the ability to interpretate, negotiate and make meaning from iniformation presented in the form of an image. Visual literacy is based on the idea that pictures can be 'read' and that the meaning of that image can be communicated through a process of reading.

There are eight morphological forms of visual grammar, these are:

• dots
• colors
• texture
• space
• forms
• values
• lines
• shaps

Blended learning

Blended learning is mostly used to define a situation where diffeferent delivery methods are combined together to deliver a particular course. These methods may include a mixture of real life classrooms, e-classrooms and self-paced learning.

Moreover, blended learning is when an instructor combines two methods to deliver instructions. However, this term most often applies to the use of technologoy on instruction. A good example of blennded learning would be to give a well-structured introductory lesson in the classroom, continueing then to provide follow-up materials online. Guidance is suggested early in the process, to be faded as learners gain expertise.

Concluding; blended is a combination of different learning methods (take a look at the circle diagram).

E-learning

E-learning has numerous definitions. Below is the definition that I found on Wikipedia. I have also posted my own definition of e-learning.

Defenition of E-learning (from Wikipedia)

E-learning is a term that encompasses all forms of Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) or very specific types of TEL such as online or web-based learnig. Nevertheless, the term does ont have a universally accepted definition and there are divides in the e-learning industry about whether a technology-enhanced system can be called e-learning if there is no set pedagogy some argue e-learning is: "pedagogy empowered by digital technology".

The term e-learning is ambigious to those outside the e-learning industry, and even within its diverse disciplines it has differet meanings to different people. For instance in companies, it often refers to the strategies that use the ecompany network to deliver training courses to employees and lately in most universities, e-learning is used to define a specific mode to attend a course or program of study where the students rarely or never meet face-to-face, nor access on-campus educational facilities, because they study online.

My E-learning definition/view

Electronical learning is a growing part of today's knowledge building. Basically it can be seen as the presentation and distribution of all types of education via digital media (such as our own INHolland Blackboard). Moreover it can be used for the interpersonal communication and correspondence at any given time and therefore it is an advantage when it comes to our contemporary economy (with traditional methods). As far as the personal 'face-to-face' interaction is concerned e-learning certainly drifts education into anonymity. This might be an advantage for some if you think about the classroom nightmare when being asked and you don't have an answer. Since e-learning can be done in three levels (see the three aspects of 'Learning') it always depends on the individual if he or she stays anonymous.

*No single e-learning method is best for every learning need. You will most likely need to use several e-learning technologies as well as traditional learnings methods. A blended learning program combines e-learning a traditional learning methods. Blended learning give us the convenience, speed and (cost) effectiveness of e-learning with the personal touch of traditional learning.

Definition of Learning

The three aspects of learning are:

• Knowledge acquisition
• Participation
• Knowledge creationn

These three aspects are essential for the minor. However, learning is not only the acquisition and development of knowledge, wisdom and understanding. It is also the product of experience and the goal of education. Learning may be formal and informal.

Formal learning is learning that takes place within a teacher-student relationship, such as in a school system.

Non-formal learning is organized learning outside the formal learing system. For example: learning by coming together with people with similar interests and exchanging viewpoints, in clubs or in (international) youth organisations, workshops. Informal learning occurs through the experience of day-to-day situations.

Mind Map

Above you can see the mind map I made about visual knowledge building.

Pictograms, Icons and Symbols

These also play a large role in VKB.

Pictograms

A pictorgram or pictograph is a symbol representing a concept, object, activity, place or event by illustration.

Pictograms remain in common use today, serving as signs or instructions. Because of their graphical nature and fairly realistic style, they are widely used to indicate public places such as public toilets, airports and train stations.

A standard set of pictograms (see diagram below) was defined in the international standard ISO 7001: Public Information Symbols.



Symbol

A symbol can be an object, picturem, written word, a sound, or particular mark - that represents something else by association, resemblance, especially a material object useed to represent something invisible. Symbols indicicate or serve as a sign for and represent ideas, concepts, or other abstractions. For example, in some countries a red octagon is the symbol that conveys the particular idea of "STOP".

Emoticons

Graphical symbols or ASCII charactes that convey emotions or emphasize the communication by messages. An example of a well known emotican is a smiley facee :-) or a frowning face :-(

On the web and a large number of modern mobile phones, text emoticons are ofte automatically replaced with small corresponding images. Similarly, in some versions of Microsoft Word, the Auto Correct feature replaces basic smilies such as :-) with a single smiley-like character. Originally, these image emoticons were fairly simple and replaced only the most straightforward and common character sequences. Emoticons have now expanded beyond simple cartoo facial expressions to a variety of still or moving images. Some of these graphical emoticons do not actually represent faces or emotions, for example, an "emoticon" showing a guitar might be used to represent music. Further, some instant messaging software designed to play a sound upon receiving certain emoticons.

Design of icons and symbols

Well-designed icons and symbols cann have the following advantages over writte commands and labels. They ca be:

• more distinctive
• more efficient
• easier to recognise and remember over long periods of time
• easier and faster to learn when the size of the symbol set is small
• language inidependent

More on Visual Knowledge Building

The creation, testing as well as the improvement of conceptual artifact. It is not confined to education but applis to creative knowledge work of all kinds.

Also, a combination of two definitions which are called Visual Knowledge Building and Visual Communication.

On one hand we have the Knowledge Building theory that states and describes what a group of learning people need to accomplish to create knowledge. On the other hand Visual Communication as the name suggests deals with communication using visual aids.

____________________________________________________________

My first impression of VKB at the beginning of this minor:

My first understanding of the term Visual Knowdledge Building was the ability to develop knowledge by visual means. However, there have been many theories and ongoing discussions about wat visual knowledge really is, and until today it still is somewhat sketchy to me. Earlier on I posted that "In simpel terms, one may say vkb can be defined as the ability to accumulate knowledge through visual aids. But it is definetly ot the only way of building knowledge. It is safe to say that visual aids are often supported by text which enhances and/or helps to build knowledge.

The traditional way of knowledge building used to be, for example, by lectures or by literature. Whereas in modern day studies, information is often supported by images and not only provided in the form of text of spoken word (for example: a PowerPoint presentation). Besides the fact that digital natives have access to anything at anytime, they are not very fond of only reading literature but also looking at images, therefore visual aids play a crucial role in knowledge building.